J-NRLF 


LIBRARY 

OF   THE 

UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA. 


Deceived 
^Accession  No.fy-  fy-  3  .&  /  .'•   Class  No. 


.,.HUICHO 


A   MANUAL 


GYMNASTIC  EXERCISES 


AS    PRACTISED    BY 


THE  JUNIOR  CLASS  IN  AMHERST  COLLEGE 

AMHERST,  MASS. 

PREPARED  UNDER  THE  DIRECTION  OF 

DR.     EDWARD     HITCHCOCK 

PROFESSOR   OF  PHYSICAL   EDUCATION   AND   HYGIENE 


BOSTON 
PUBLISHED   BY  GINN,  HEATH,  &   COMPANY 

1884 


COPYRIGHT  BV 

EDWARD  HITCHCOCK, 

*3£> 

1884. 


] ELECTROTYPE D  AND  PRINTED 
/BY    RANU,    AVERY,    AND   COMPANY, 

(BOSTON.  I 


INTRODUCTION. 


THE  need  of  a  manual  like  the  present  is  seen  in  the 
fact  that  three  editions  of  a  similar  work  have  been 
issued  at  Amherst  during  the  past  few  years.  The 
recent  advances  made  in  this  department,  and  the 
increased  facilities  of  our  new  Pratt  Gymnasium,  now 
ready  for  occupancy,  seem  to  demand  a  new  manual, 
and  one  which  shall  more  fully  meet  the  practical  wants 
of  teachers  and  educational  institutions  everywhere. 

The  object  of  this  manual  is  to  furnish  a  series  of 
exercises,  by  the  use  of  which  a  teacher  can  directly 
instruct  a  class  in  light  gymnastics ;  or  an  ingenious 
person  may  take  the  leading  points  in  these  exercises, 
and  adapt  them  to  peculiar  wants  and  circumstances, 
thus  giving  a  greater  variety  and  pleasure  of  movement. 

There  is  also  given  a  series  of  simple  military  move- 
ments that  may  be  made  by  a  class  or  company  of  from 
twenty  to  a  hundred,  —  male  or  female,  —  either  in  a 
small  out-of-doors  area,  or  in  an  ordinary  hall. 


4  INTRODUCTION. 

Persons  who  may  wish  either  to  direct  themselves  or 
others  to  a  special  use  of  certain  parts  of  the  body,  and 
to  learn  what  muscles  are  used  in  different  exercises, 
will  find  a  portion  of  the  manual  devoted  to  this  use : 
it  is  not  claimed,  however,  that  every  muscle  used  in 
each  of  these  exercises  is  clearly  stated  here.  Most 
movements  of  the  body  are  too  complex  to  allow  of 
perfect  specialization  in  so  short  a  work  as  this. 

Two  tables  are  given,  showing  certain  measurements 
of  the  human  body.  One  is  made  from  several  thousand 
measurements  of  twenty-one  hundred  and  six  students 
of  Amherst  College,  covering  an  interval  of  twenty 
years,  and  expressed  in  the  ordinary  English  system  of 
measures.  The  other  is  made  from  measurements  of 
four  hundred  and  sixty-one  students,  comprising  more 
than  fifty  different  data,  covering  a  space  of  three  years, 
and  expressed  in  the  metric  S}Tstem. 

The  dumb-bell  exercise  was  devised  and  first  given  by 
Professor  E.  Hitchcock,  jun.,  of  Cornell  University; 
but  the  preparation  of  it  in  a  written-  form,  as  well  as  of 
the  marching  movements,  has  been  most  carefully  made 
by  Mr.  Frank  E.  Whitman,  the  captain  of  '85.  The 
study  of  the  muscles  used  in  the  dumb-bell  movements 
has  been  made  by  Mr.  C.  H.  Nichols  of  the  same  class, 
and  the  cuts  have  been  designed  by  Mr.  H.  M.  Waite 
of  the  class  of  '85.  All  the  exercises  —  bells  and 
marching  —  are  executed  by  the  present  senior  class,  or 
the  class  of  '85. 


INTRODUCTION.  5 

A  schedule  for  marking  the  different  movements  and 
exercises  in  a  gymnastic  exhibition  is  given  directly  after 
the  tables.  In  its  present  form,  it  supposes  at  least  three 
classes  in  competition  for  a  prize,  and  the  contest  to  con- 
sist of  marching  movements  and  a  dumb-bell  exercise. 
It  also  supposes  that  the  dumb-bell  exercise  shall  receive 
one  mark,  while  each  one  of  the  several  marching  move- 
ments is  to  be  graded  by  the  maximum  as  expressed 
in  the  printed  number  against  each  movement. 

EDWARD    HITCHCOCK, 

Profesxor  of  Hygiene  and  Physical  Education, 
AMHERST  COLLEGE. 


MANUAL 


GYMNASTIC    EXERCISES. 


MARCHING    EXERCISE. 

IN  the  following  instructions  for  the  drills  in  marching 
and  light  gymnastics  as  practised  in  Amherst  College,  an 
attempt  has  been  made  to  describe  the  various  movements 
in  the  manner  best  suited  for  the  use  of  the  gymnasium. 
It  will,  on  this  account,  be  noticeable  to  any  one  versed 
in  military  tactics,  that  many  deviations  have  been  made 
from  the  instructions  as  laid  down  in  ''Upton's  Infantry 
Tactics,"  or  as  taught  in  the  military  schools.  In  the 
main,  however,  the  marching  movements  here  given  are 
taken,  with  only  slight  changes,  from  "  Upton's  Infantry 
Tactics  ;  "  and  man}'  of  the  instructions  are  given  just  as 
they  appear  in  that  book. 

1 .  The  Arrangement  of  the  Gymnasium.  —  In 
order  that  the  class  may  have  ample  room  for  the  dumb-bell 
exercise,  and  particularly  for  marching,  the  apparatus  for 
heavy  gymnastics  should  be  arranged,  as  far  as  practicable, 
on  the  sides  and  at  the  back  of  the  hall.  A  platform  for 
the  pianist  and  captain  should  be  placed  in  the  front  of  the 
hall.  For  holding  the  bells  when  not  in  use,  hooks  may 
be  arranged  in  a  row  around  the  hall,  at  about  five  feet 


8  MANUAL   OF  GYMNASTIC  EXERCISES. 

from  the  floor ;  or  boxes  may  be  placed  at  convenient 
points,  so  that  the  men  may  take  and  leave  their  bells  as 
they  file  around  the  hall. 

2.  The  Dumb-bell.  —  The  dumb-bell  should  be  turned 
out  of  well-seasoned,  first-quality  rock-maple,  and  meas- 
ure ten  inches  in  length  ;  the  balls  being  three  inches  in 
diameter,  and  the  handle  measuring  four  by  one  and  one- 
fourth  inches.     Such  a  dumb-bell  weighs  one  and   one- 
fourth   pounds,  and   may  be   considered   too  light ;    but 
a  heavier  one  has  been  found  to  be  unwieldy,  and   too 
fatiguing  for  a  briskly  performed  exercise. 

3.  The  Uniform.  —  It  has  been  found  very  conven- 
ient, in  fact  almost  necessan*,   for  the  classes  to  have 
some  kind  of  uniform  for  gymnasium  practice.     The  uni- 
form that  has  given  most  satisfaction  in  Amherst  consists 
of  a  loose-fitting  shirt  and  a  pair  of  trousers,  both  of  dark- 
blue  Middlesex  flannel.     The  shirts  are  usually  made  to 
button  on  the  shoulder,  so  as  to  leave  the  breast  clear  for 
a  class  or  college  monogram.     The  trousers  are  of   the 
style  commonly  known  as  "  hip-pants." 

4.  Arrangement  of  Classes  into  Platoons.  —  Classes 
numbering  more  than  thirty  men  should  be  divided  into 
platoons,  and  each  of  these  placed  in  charge  of  a  "platoon 
captain,"  whose  duty  it  is  to  see  that  the  class  movements 
are  properly  executed,  and  to  give  such  orders  as  are  indi- 
cated in  the  instructions.     A  platoon   should   consist  of 
not  less  than  three  nor  more  than  six  fours.     It  will  be 
noticed,  that  in  the  marching    movements,  as   arranged 
for  the  gymnasium,  there  is  no  such  thing  as   "double 
rank." 

5.  Music  and  Time.  —  In  theory,  the  time  occupied  by 
the  motions  in  the  dumb-bell  exercise  is  nothing,  the  body 
and  bells  being  at  rest  all  the  time ;  and  in  practice,  we 


MARCHING   EXERCISE.  9 

must  come  as  near  to  this  as  possible, — that  is,  the 
motions  must  be  made  very  rapidly.  The  time  of  the 
music  may  vary,  and  with  it  will  vary  also  the  periods  of 
rest  between  the  counts  ;  but  the  rapidity  of  the  move- 
ments should  be  always  the  same. 

Galop  or  march  music  may  be  used,  and  hence  the  term 
"count"  has  been  employed  instead  of  "  beat." 

The  phrase  "  through  -  -  counts  "  may  seem  ambigu- 
ous in  some  places.  It  invariably  means,  till counts 

have  been  completed. 

6.  Commands.  —  Commands  are  of  two  kinds,  —  the 
preparatory  command,  such  as  Forward,  which  indicates 
the  movement  that  is  to  be  executed  ;  the  command  of 
execution,  such  as  MARCH,  HALT,  which  causes  the  execu- 
tion of  a  command.     In  the  following  instructions,  the 
preparatory  commands  are  distinguished  by  italics,  and 
those  of  execution  by  SMALL  CAPITALS. 

The  tone  of  command  is  animated,  distinct,  and  of  a 
loudness  proportioned  to  the  number  of  men  under  in- 
struction. 

Each  preparatory  command  is  pronounced  in  an  ascend- 
ing tone  of  voice,  and  always  in  such  a  manner  that  the 
command  of  execution  may  be  more  energetic  and  ele- 
vated. 

The  command  of  execution  is  pronounced  in  a  tone  firm 
and  brief. 

7.  Assembling  the  Class. — At  the  captain's  com- 
mand, Fall  —  IN,  each  platoon  takes  its  proper  position  in 
a  column  of  files  ;  i.e.,  in  "  single  file,"  following  the  cap- 
tain as  he  marches  around  the  hall.     The  men  must  keep 
their  heads  and  eyes  directly  to  the  front,  must  cover  the 
men  in  front  of  them,  and  keep  closed  to  the  facing  dis- 
tance; that  is,  such  a  distance,  that,  in  forming  into  line, 


10          MANUAL   OF  GYMNASTIC  EXERCISES. 

the  elbows  will  just  touch.  The  arms  should  hang  natu- 
rally at  the  sides,  without  stiffness,  but  without  swinging. 
The  full  step  is  twenty-eight  inches  in  length,  measuring 
from  heel  to  heel ;  and  the  cadence  for  inarching  in  the 
gymnasium  should  be  ninety  steps  per  minute. 

8.  To  bring  the  Platoons  on  Line.  —  At  the  cap- 
tain's command,  On  line  —  MARCH,  the  platoon  captains 
take  command  of  their  platoons,  and,  by  repeating  the 
above   order,    bring   their   platoons   to    their    respective 
places. 

9.  To  arrest  the  March.» — The  command  is,  Platoon 
—  HALT.     At  the  word  Halt,  given  the  instant  either  foot 
is  brought  to  the  ground,  the  foot  in  the  rear  is  brought 
up,  and  planted  by  the  side  of  the  other  without  shock. 

10.  Facings. — The   command  is,  Left  (or  Eight)  — 
FACE.     At  the  word  Face,  raise  the  right  foot  slightly, 
face  to  the  left  (or  right),  turning  on  the  left  heel,  the 
left  toe  slightly  raised  ;  replace  the  right  heel  by  the  side 
of  the  left,  and  on  the  same  line.     If  the  proper  facing 
distance  was  kept  in  marching,  it  will  be  found  that  the 
elbows  just  touch.      It  will  be  seen  that  the  facings  to 
the  right  or  left  are  both  made  on  the  left  foot. 

11.  Alignment. — The  platoon  captains  place  them- 
selves at  the  heads  of  their  respective  platoons,  facing 
down  the  line,  and  command,  Right  —  DRESS.    At  the  com- 
mand Dress,  every  man  turns  the  head  and  eyes  sharply  to 
the  right,  so  that  he  can  see  the  breast  of  the  second  man 
from  him  ;  then,  without  inclining  the  head,  he  takes  very 
short  steps,  either  backward  or  forward,  or  to  the  left  if 
the  line  is  crowded,  but  never  crowd  iwj  toward  the  right 
until  the  line  is  perfected,  when  the  platoon  captain  com- 
mands FRONT,  at  which  word  every  head  turns  sharply  to 
the  front. 


MARCHING    EXERCISE.  11 

The  class  captain  then  commands,  Company  —  Right 
Dress  —  FRONT,  at  which  the  entire  class  repeats  the 
above. 

12.  The  Position. — The  men  should  now  be  occupy- 
ing   the    following    position :    After    effecting    an    equal 
squareness  of  the  body  and  shoulders  to  the  front,  place 
the  heels  well  closed  on   the  same  line,  with  the  knees 
straight,  and  the  feet  forming  an  angle  of  about  sixty 
degrees. 

Let  the  arms  hang  naturally,  slightly  turning  at  the 
elbows,  with  the  palms  of  the  hands  turned  slightly  to 
the  front,  and  the  little  fingers  touching  the  seams  of  the 
trousers,  the  thumb  and  forefinger  closed. 

Hold  the  body  erect  on  the  hips,  inclining  it  sufficiently 
forward  to  cause  its  weight  to  principally  bear  upon  the 
fore-part  of  the  feet. 

Hold  the  head  erect,  with  the  eyes  straight  to  the  front. 

13.  The    Salute. — The    command    is,  Company  — 
SALUTE.     At  the  word  Salute,   (1)  raise  the  right  hand 
smartly,  pointing  in  the  same  direction  as  the  right  foot, 
the  palm  of  the  hand  down,  the  thumb  close  to  the  fore- 
finger, the  arm  extended  and  horizontal ;    (2)   bring  the 
hand  around  till  the  point  of  the  thumb  and  side  of  the 
forefinger  touch  the  forehead;    (3)   bring  back  the  hand 
and  arm  to  the  position  of  the  first  motion  ;   (4)  drop  the 
arm  quickly  by  the  side. 

14.  To    count   Fours. — The  command  is,  Count  — 
FOURS;   at  which  each  platoon,  beginning  on  the  right, 
counts  1,  2,  3,  4,  1,  2,  3,  4,  etc.,  through  the  platoon. 

The  class  is  now  ready  for  either  the  dumb-bell  exercise 
or  the  marching  movements.  If  it  is  desired  to  take  the 
former,  the  captain  commands,  Offset  —  MARCH.  At  the 
word  March,  man  number  one  remains  where  he  is ;  iiniu- 


12  MANUAL    OF  GYMNASTIC   EXERCISES. 

ber  two  takes  two  paces  to  the  front,  and  stands  on  the  V 
in  front  of  him  ;  number  three  takes  four  paces,  and 
number  four  takes  six  paces,  occupying  their  respective 
Vs.  This  will  be  made  clear  by  a  glance  at  the  floor 
diagram,  Fig.  1. 

If,  however,  it  is  desired  to  take  the  marching  move- 
ments, the  class  should  be  made 

15.  To  form  Column  of  Piles  from  Column  of 
Platoons.  — The  command  is,  By  Platoons  —  By  the  Right 
Flank  —  MARCH.  At  the  word  March,  the  platoon  which 
is  in  front  is  commanded  by  its  captain,  Right  —  FACE. 
This  is  described  in  Section  9.  At  the  command,  For- 
ward—  MARCH,  the  platoon,  now  in  a  column  of  files, 
marches  promptly  with  the  full  step.  The  other  platoons 
are  commanded  by  their  captains,  Forward  —  Guide  Right 
— MARCH  ;  care  being  taken,  however,  to  wait  long  enough 
to  avoid  colliding  with  the  platoon  next  in  front.  At  the 
word  March,  the  men  step  off  smartly  with  the  left  foot ; 
the  guide  (i.e.,  the  man  on  the  extreme  right  of  each  pla- 
toon) marching  straight  to  the  front.  It  must  be  observed, 
in  marching  thus,  that  the  men  touch  lightly  the  elbow 
toward  the  side  of  the  guide  ;  that  they  open  out  neither 
arm  ;  that  they  yield  to  pressure  coming  from  the  side  of 
the  guide,  and  resist  pressure  coming  from  the  opposite 
direction  ;  that,  shortening  or  lengthening  the  step,  they 
gradually  recover  the  alignment  and  touch  of  the  elbow, 
if  lost ;  and  that  they  keep  the  head  direct  to  the  front. 

When  the  platoon  reaches  the  front  of  the  hall,  the 
captain  commands,  By  the  Right  Flank  —  MARCH.  At  the 
word  March,  given  as  the  right  foot  strikes  the  floor, 
advance  and  plant  the  left  foot,  then  turn  to  the  right, 
and  step  off  in  the  new  direction  with  the  right  foot.  If 
it  is  desired  to  flank  to  the  left,  give  the  word  March  MS 


MARCHING   EXERCISE. 


13 


PIANO 


CAPFAIN 
o 


€0' 


V     —  6'*"—     V 


V          <* 
^ 

V 


V  V  V  V 

v  v  v  v 

V  V  V  V 

FIG.  1. 


14          MANUAL    OF  GYMNASTIC  EXERCISE*. 

the  left  foot  strikes  the  floor,  advance  and  plant  the  right 
foot,  turn  to  the  left,  and  step  off  in  the  new  direction 
with  the  left  foot. 

When  all  the  platoons  have  executed  this  movement, 
the  class  will  be  marching  around  the  hall  in  a  column  of 
files. 

The  movements  from  Section  15  to  Section  21,  inclusive, 
are  executed  at  the  class  captain's  command. 

16.  To  form   Column   of   Two   from   Column  of 
Files.  — The  command  is,  Form  Twos  —  Left  Oblique  — 
MARCH.     At  the  word  March,  numbers  one  and  three  take 
the  short  step,  numbers  two  and  four  oblique  to  the  left 
until  they  uncover  the  men  in  front  of  them,  when  they 
resume  the  forward  march  ;   the  twos  having  united,  all 
resume  the  full  step.     It  will  be  observed,  that  the  distance 
between  the  twos  remains  the  same  as  it  was  between 
numbers  one  and  three.      [Fig.  2.] 

,/D   /D    ,••'0    /fl    /H    /D    /D   /D 
W  Q-'E  D-X0  fl--i  0/8  0-"1  M  CMS 

FK;.  2. 

17.  To  form  Column  of   Fours  from  Column  of 
Twos.  — The  command  is,  Form  Fours  —  Left  Oblique — 
MARCH.     At  the  word  March,  the  leading  two  of  each  four 
take  the  short  step  ;  the  rear  two  oblique  to  the  left  until 
they  uncover  the  leading  two,  when  they  resume  the  for- 
ward march ;  the  fours  having  united,  all  resume  the  full 
step.     It  will  be  observed,  that  the  distance  between  the 
fours  is  twice  the  distance  between  the  twos  ;   in  fact,  the 
space  between  the  fours  should  be  a  square. 

18.  To  shorten  the  Step.  —  The  command  is,  Short 
Step  —  MARCH.     At  the  word  March,  the  length  of  the 


MARCHING   EXERCISE.  15 

step  is  reduced  to  fourteen  inches  ;  the  class  resuming  the 
full  step  at  the  command,  Forward  —  MARCH. 

19.  To    change    Step. — The  command  is.    Change 
Step  —  MARCH.     At  the  word  March,  given  the   instant 
the  right  foot  comes  to  the  floor,  the  left  foot  is  advanced 
and  planted  ;    the  hollow  of   the  right  is  then  advanced 
against  the  heel  of  the  left,  the  man  again  stepping  off 
with  the  left. 

20.  To  march  to  the  Rear. — The  command  is.  To 
the  Rear  —  MARCH.     At  the  word  March,  given  as  the 
right  foot  strikes  the  floor,  advance  and   plant   the  left 
foot ;  then  turn  on  the  balls  of  both  feet  toward  the  right, 
and  immediately  step  off  with  the  left  foot. 

21.  To  mark  Time. — The  command  is,  Mark  Time 

—  MARCH.     At  the  word  March,  given   the  instant  one 
foot  is  coming  to  the  ground,  continue  the  cadence,  and 
make  a  semblance  of  marching,  without  gaining  ground, 
by  alternately  advancing  each  foot  about  half  its  length, 
and  bringing  it  back  on  a  line  with  the  other. 

At  the  command,  HALT,  given  as  either  foot  comes  to 
the  floor,  plant  that  foot,  and  bring  the  other  to  its  side. 
The  class  resumes  the  march  at  the  command,  Forward 

—  MARCH. 

22.  To   march   Column   of  Fours   in   Retreat.  — 
The  command  is,  Fours  Left  (or  Right)  About  —  MARCH. 
The  fours  wheel  on  a  fixed  pivot:    i.e.,  the  pivot-man, 
number  four,  in  Fours  Left  About,  simply  marks  time  in 
his  place,  turning  his  body  as  the  four  turns  ;  the  flank 
man,   number  one,   in  Fours  Left  About,  takes   the   full 
step,  describing  a  semicircle  to  the  left ;  the  other  men  in 
the  four  turning  with  him,  and  accommodating  their  step 
to  their  position  in  the  four.     When  the  fours  have  com- 
pleted a  semicircle,  all,  thus  faced  directly  to  the  rear, 


10          MANUAL   OF  GYMNASTIC  EXERCISE*. 

step  off  with  the  full  step  in  the  new  direction.  In  exe- 
cuting movements  similar  to  this,  in  order  to  preserve  the 
alignment  of  the  fours,  the  flank-man  casts  his  eyes  toward 
the  pivot-man,  and  feels  lightly  the  elbow  of  the  next 
man  toward  the  pivot,  but  never  pushes  him.  The  other 
men  touch  with  the  elbow  toward  the  pivot,  and  resist 
pressure  from  the  opposite  side. 

The  movements  from  Section  22  to  28,  inclusive,  are 
executed  at  the  command  of  the  platoon  captains,  who 
take  the  command  from  the  class  captain. 


FIG.  3. 

23.  To  oblique  in  Column  of   Fours. — The  com- 
mand   is,  Left    (or   Right}    Oblique  —  MARCH.     At   the 
command,  March,  every  man  faces  one-half  to  the  left, 
and  marches  with  the  full  step  in  that  direction,  resuming 
the  forward  march  at  the  command,  Forward  —  MARCH. 
During  the  oblique,  the  fours  preserve  their  parallelism ; 
the  man  in  each  four,  on  the  side  toward  which  the  oblique 
is  made,  is  the  guide  of  the  rank.     [Fig.  4.] 

24.  To  form  Column   of  Platoons  from  Column 
of  Fours.  — The  command  is,  (1)  Left  Front  into  Line  — 
(2)  MARCH;   (3)  Platoon—  (4)   HALT;    (5)  Right—  (G) 
DRESS — (7)  FRONT.     At  the  command,  March,  the  first 
four  moves  straight  to  the  front,  dressing  to  the  right ; 
the  other  fours  oblique  to  the  left,  till  opposite  their  places 
in  the  line,  when  each  marches  to  the  front.     At  the 


EXERCISE. 


17 


command,  HALT,  the  first  four  halts,  and  at  the  sixth  com- 
mand, given  immediately  after,  dresses  to  the  right  ;  the 
other  fours  halt,  dressing  to  the  right  on  arriving  in  line  ; 
the  seventh  command  is  given  when  the  last  four  com- 
pletes its  dressing.  As  each  four  arrives  in  line,  the  men 
must  be  careful  not  to  overstep  the  line,  but  to  halt 
together  a  few  inches  in  the  rear  of  the  line.  [Fig1.  5.] 


/ 

-• 


I/S/ 


s 

PIG.  4. 


25.  To  break  into  Column  of  Pours. — The  com- 
mand is  Right  Forward,  Fours  Right  —  MARCH.  At  the 
command,  March,  the  right  four  moves  straight  to  the 
front,  shortening  the  first  three  or  four  steps  ;  the  other 
fours  wheel  to  the  right,  on  a  fixed  pivot;  the  second 
four,  when  its  wheel  is  two- thirds  completed,  wheels  to 
the  left  on  a  movable  pivot,  and  follows  the  first  four  ; 
the  other  fours,  having  wheeled  to  the  right,  move  for- 
ward, and  wheel  to  the  left  on  a  movable  pivot,  on  the 
same  ground  as  the  second.  [See  Fig.  3.J 

The  difference  between  wheeling  on  a  fixed  pivot  and 
wheeling  on  a  movable  pivot  is,  that  in  the  former  the 
pivot-man  simply  marks  time  in  his  place,  turning  in  con- 
formity with  the  marching  flank,  and  making  no  headway  ; 
while,  in  wheeling  on  a  movable  pivot,  the  pivot-man 


18 


MANUAL   OF  GYMNASTI 


takes  short  steps  of  nine  inches,  turning  in  conformity 
with  the  marching  flank,  and  making  slight  headway. 


H 


D 


FIG.  5. 

26.  To    flank    to    the    Front,    from    Column    of 
Fours. — The   command    is,  Fours   Left  (or   Right}  - 
MARCH.     At  the  command,  March,  the  fours  wheel  to  the 
left,  on  a  fixed  pivot.     The  platoon  captain  commands 
Guide  —  RIGHT  (or  LEFT),  the  instant  the  fours  unite  in 
line.     The  instructions  for  Guide  Right,  and  for  marching 
in  line  across  the  floor,  are  given  in  Section  14.     When 
the  platoon  reaches  the  front  of  the  hall,  if  it  is  desired 
to  break  into  a  column  of  fours,  the  command  is,  Right 
Forward,  Fours  Right  —  MARCH.      This  is  described  in 
Section  24.     If  it  is  desired  to  break  into  a  column  of 
files,  the  command  is,  By  the  Right  Flank — MARCH.    This 
is  described  in  Section  14. 

27.  To  flank  to  the  Front  from  Column  of  Files. 
—  Considering  that  the  last  command  was,  By  the  Right 
Flank,  and  the  class  thus  formed  into  a  column  of  files, 
tlio  command  for  this  movement  is,  By  the  Left  Flank  — 


MARCHING  EXERCISE.  19 

MARCH.  This  is  described  in  Section  14.  On  reaching 
the  front  of  the  hall,  either  command  suggested  in  Section 
25  may  be  used. 

28.  To  form  Column  of  Twos  from  Column  of 
Files.  —  See  Section  15. 

This  completes  the  marching-drill  as  practised  at  the 
exhibition  in  Amherst  College.  There  may  be  occasions 
when  it  will  be  convenient  to  use  a  few  movements  which 
are  not  given  in  the  foregoing  instructions  for  the  march- 
ing-drill. A  few  of  these  movements  are  thus  described  : 

29.  To  march  to  the   Side.  —  Being  at  a  halt,  the 
command  is,  Side  Step  to  the  Right  (or  Left)  —  MARCH. 
At  the  command,  March,  carry  the  right  foot  six  inches  to 
the  right,  keeping  the  knees  straight  and  the  shoulders 
square  to  the  front;  as  soon  as  the  right  foot  is  planted, 
bring  the  left  foot  to  the  side  of  it,  and  continue  the  move- 
ment, observing  the  cadence,  until  the  command,  HALT. 

30.  To   march  Backward.  —  Being   at   a  halt,   the 
command  is  Backward  —  -  Guide  Right  (or  Left)  —  MARCH. 
At  the  command,  March,  step  off  smartly,  with  the  left 
foot,  fourteen  inches  straight  to  the  rear,  measuring  from 
heel  to  heel.     At  the  command,  HALT,  bring  back  the  foot 
in  front  to  the  side  of  the  one  in  the  rear. 

31.  To  form  Column  of   Twos  from  Column  of 
Fours.  —  The  command  is,  Right  by  Ttvos  —  MARCH.    At 
the  command,  March,  the  two  men  on  the  left  of  the  four 
(i.e.,  numbers  three  and  four)  mark  time  for  an  instant, 
till  they  become  disengaged,  when  they  oblique  to  the  right, 
and  take  their  positions  behind  numbers  one  and  two. 

32.  To  form   Column   of   Files  from    Column  of 
Twos. — This  is  executed  in  precisely  the  same  manner 
as  Section  30  ;  the  command  being,  Right  by  File  — _MABC_H.__ 

/  "*     OF  THE      '     ^\ 

UNIVERSITY  ] 
J 


20 


MANUAL   OF  GYMNASTIC  EXERCISES. 


The  following  schedule  will  show  the  relative  impor- 
tance attached  to  the  different  movements,  and  also  the 
order  usually  pursued. 

MARKING  SCHEDULE  FOR  GYMNASTIC  EXHIBITION. 


COMPANY  MOVE  MK  NTS. 

Maxima. 

Freshmen. 

Sophomores. 

Juniors. 

1.  To  form  columns  of  twos      .     . 
2.  To  form  columns  of  fours     .     . 
8    Short  step 

3 
3 
3 

4    Change  step 

q 

5    To  the  rear      

5 

(}.  Mark  time,  halt   

3 

7.  To  march    column   of   four  in 
retreat 

10 

8.  To  oblique  in  column  of  fours 
(by  platoons)    
9.  To  form  platoons  (left  front  into 
line)    

10 
10 

• 

10.  To  break  into  column  of  fours  . 
11.  To  flank  to  front  from  column 
of  fours 

5 
10 

12.  To  break  into  column  of  files    . 
13.  To  flank  to  front  from  column 
of  files              

5 

10 

14.  To  form  column   of  twos  and 
leave  the  hall                  . 

5 

1~     (  Steadiness,  ) 

15 

1  Distances,    ) 

Dumb-bell  exercise    .... 

100 

Totals  

Average    

THE  DUMB-BELL   EXERCISE.  21 


THE    DUMB-BELL    EXERCISE. 

After  the  men  have  taken  their  positions  on  Vs,  at  the 
command,  Offset  —  MARCH,  the  captain  commands,  Belh 
—  READY.  At  the  word  "  Ready,"  the  bells  are  brought 
instantly  and  noiselessly  to  the  sides,  where  thej-  are 
held  horizontal  and  parallel  to  each  other.  At  the  com- 
mand, BEGIN,  the  class  begins  the  following  exercise, 
accompanied  by  the  pianist.1 

Movement  1.  DIRECTION  A. — Forcibly  twist  both 
bells  inward,  and  back  again  to  position,  on  each  count, 
through  six  counts ;  on  seven,  carry  the  bells  to  the 
breast,  just  in  front  of  the  armpits ;  on  eight,  extend 
the  arms  horizontally  forward,  bells  perpendicular,  when 
the  men  will  be  in  position  for 

DIRECTION  B. — Twist  bells  as  in  A,  through  six 
counts;  on  seven,  carry  bells  to  the  breast;  on  eight, 
extend  arms  horizontally  at  sides,  bells  perpendicular,  the 
position  for 

DIRECTION  C. — Twist  bells  as  in  A,  through  six 
counts  ;  on  seven,  carry  bells  to  the  shoulders  ;  on  eight, 
extend  arms  perpendicularly,  bells  horizontal,  the  position 
for 

DIRECTION  D. — Twist  bells  as  in  A,  through  six 
counts  :  on  seven,  carry  bells  to  the  breast,  and  rest  there 
through  count  eight. 

Movement   2.     DIRECTION   A.  —  Forcibly  thrust  the 


1  For  the  arrangement  of  the  class  for  dumb-bell  exercise,  consult 
page  5  et  seq. 


22          MANUAL   OF  GYMNASTIC  EXERCISES. 

right  bell  forward  horizontally  on  count  one,  and  return 
to  breast  on  two,  continuing  thus  through  eight  counts. 

Same  with  left  bell,  through  eight  counts. 

On  count  one,  forcibly  thrust  the  right  bell  forward 
horizontally,  and  return  on  count  two ;  on  count  three, 
thrust  left  bell  forward  in  same  manner,  and  return  it  to 
breast  on  count  four  ;  continuing  thus  alternately  through 
eight  counts. 

Forcibly  thrust  both  bells  forward  simultaneously, 
through  eight  counts. 

DIRECTION  B. — Repeat  all  the  movements  of  A  hori- 
zontally outwards. 

DIRECTION  C.  —  Repeat  all  the  movements  of  A  per- 
pendicularly upwards. 

DIRECTION  D. — Repeat  all  the  movements  of  A  ver- 
tically downwards. 

Movement  3.  —  The  bells  being  at  the  breast,  parallel 
to  each  other,  on  count  one  forcibly  thrust  the  right  bell 
vertically  upwards  and  the  left  bell  vertically  downwards  ; 
on  count  two,  return  both  bells  to  the  breast ;  on  count 
three,  thrust  the  left  bell  upward  and  the  right  down- 
wards, returning  to  breast  on  count  four,  and  so  continue 
through  twelve  counts. 

Movement  4.  —  Both  bells  being  at  the  breast  on 
count  twelve,  on  count  one  extend  both  bells  horizontally 
outwards,  bells  perpendicular,  and  hold  them  thus  through 
four  counts. 

Movement  5.  DIRECTION  A. — Drop  the  arms,  with- 
out bending  the  elbows,  so  that  the  bells  strike  just  in 
front  of  the  body,  on  the  ends  toward  the  little  fingers  ; 
on  count  two,  turn  the  bells,  and  strike  the  ends  toward 
the  thumbs ;  continuing  thus  through  twelve  counts. 
[Fig.  6.] 


THE  DUMB-BELL   EXERCISE.  23 

DIRECTION  B.  —  Same  as  A,  but  striking  just  behind 
the  body,  through  twelve  counts. 


DIRECTION  C.  — On  count  one,  strike  bells  just  in  front 
of  the  body,  ends  toward  little  fingers  together ;  on  count 
two,  strike  just  behind  the  body,  ends  toward  thumbs 
together  ;  and  continue  thus  through  twelve  counts. 

DIRECTION  D. — On  count  one,  strike  the  bells  just  in 
front  of  the  body,  ends  toward  little  fingers  together,  as 
before  ;  on  count  two,  strike  behind  ;  on  three,  in  front 
again  ;  on  count  four,  let  the  bells  describe  a  semicircle 
outwards,  and  strike  above  the  head  on  ends  toward 
thumbs  ;  continuing  thus  through  twelve  counts 

Movement  6.  DIRECTION  A.  —  The  bells  being  above 
the  head  on  count  twelve,  on  count  one  advance  the  right 


24          MANUAL   OF  GYMNASTIC  EXERCISES. 

foot,  with  a  stamp,  about  four  inches  in  the  direction  of 
the  right  arm  of  the  V  ;  separate  the  bells  slightly,  about 
six  inches,  and  strike  them  on  the  ends  toward  the 
thumbs,  at  the  same  time  the  step  is  taken  ;  continue 
the  step  and  stroke  through  four  counts.  The  right  knee 


being  slightly  bent,  at  count  one  strike  the  bells  together 
—  ends  toward  little  fingers  —  just  above  the  leg ;  on 
count  two,  strike  ends  toward  thumbs  together  just  be- 
neath the  leg  ;  on  count  three,  strike  ends  toward  thumbs 
together  above  the  head ;  and  continue  thus  through 
twelve  counts.  Recover  the  regular  position  by  drawing 
the  foot  back  four  inches  each  count,  through  four  counts, 
striking  the  bells  above  the  head  as  in  making  the  charge. 


THE   DUMH-HELL   EXERCISE.  25 

DIRECTION  B.  —  Repeat  A  toward  the  left. 

Caution.  —  Bend  the  back  but  slightly  in  striking 
beneath  the  leg. 

Movement  7. — After  recovering  from  the  charge  to 
the  left,  the  bells  are  above  the  head  on  count  four.  On 


FIG.  8. 

count  one,  bring  the  bells  to  the  shoulder ;  on  two,  thrust 
them  vertically  upward,  bells  parallel ;  on  three,  return 
them  to  the  shoulder ;  on  four,  with  knees  rigid,  stoop 
forward,  and  strike  the  bells  upon  the  floor ;  on  count  five, 
return  bells  to  the  breast ;  on  six,  thrust  upward ;  on 
seven,  return  bells  to  the  breast ;  on  eight,  strike  the 
floor  ;  and  so  continue  through  twelve  counts.  [Fig.  8.] 


26 


MANUAL  OF  GYMNASTIC   EXERCISES. 


Movement    8.  —  The    bells    being    at    the    floor    on 
count  twelve,  at  count  one  return  the  bells  to  the  breast, 


and,  in  so  doing,  allow  the  bells  to  slip  through  the  hand, 
so  that  each  is  held  by  the  end  ;  on  count  two,  extend 
the  arms  horizontally  outwards,  bells  horizontal ;  on  count 
three,  put  the  right  bell  over  the  right  shoulder,  and 
the  left  bell  under  the  left  shoulder,  until  the  free  ends 
strike  behind  the  body ;  on  count  four,  bring  the  bells  to 
the  position  held  at  count  two  ;  on  count  five,  put  the  left 
bell  over,  and  the  right  bell  under,  until  they  strike  ;  and 
so  continue  through  twelve  counts.  [Fig.  !).] 

Movement  9.  —  The  arms  being  extended  horizontally 
outwards  at  count  twelve,  allow  the  bells  to  slip  through 


THE   DUMB-BELL   EXERCISE.  27 

the  hands  until  they  are  grasped  in  the  usual  manner ; 
on  count  one,  bring  the  bells  to  the  breast,  resting  there 
through  count  two ;  on  count  three,  drop  the  arms  to 
the  sides,  resting  there  through  count  four. 

On  count  one,  bend  the  right  elbow,  keeping  the  upper 
arm  fixed,  until  the  bell  strikes  the  shoulder;  on  count 
two,  drop  it  back  to  the  side  ;  continuing  this  movement 
through  eight  counts. 


FIG. 10. 

The  same  with  the  left  arm,  through  eight  counts. 

The  same  with  the  right  and  left  alternately,  through 
eight  counts. 

The  same  with  the  right  and  left  simultaneously, 
through  eight  counts. 

Movement  1O.  DIRECTION  A. — The  bells  being  at 
the  side  at  count  eight,  on  count  one  raise  the  right  arm 


28          MANUAL   OF  GYMNASTIC  EXERCISES. 

in  a  forward  direction,  so  that  the  bell  describes  a  quarter- 
circle,  thumbs  up,  elbows  stiff ;  on  count  two,  return  the 
bell  to  the  side  ;  and  continue  the  movement  thus  through 
eight  counts.  [See  Fig.  10.] 

The  same  with  the  left,  through  eight  counts. 

The  same  with  the  right  and  left  alternately,  through 
eight  counts. 

The  same  with  the  right  and  left  simultaneously, 
through  eight  counts. 

DIRECTION  B. — The  same  as  A,  except  "that  the  arms 
are  raised  to  the  height  of  the  shoulder  outward,  later- 
ally, bells  horizontal. 

Movement  11.  —  Bend  the  elbow,  and  raise  the  right 
bell  to  the  height  of  the  ear,  on  count  one ;  carry  the  bell 


back  to  the  side  on  count  two  ;  and  continue  the  movement 
thus  through  eight  counts.     [Fig.  11.] 


THE  DUMB-BELL  EXERCISE.  21> 

The  same  with  the  left,  through  eight  counts. 

The  same  with  the  right  and  left  alternately,  through 
eight  counts. 

The  same  with  the  right  and  left  simultaneously, 
through  eight  counts. 

Movement  12.  DIRECTION  A. — With  stiff  arms 
describing  a  semicircle  in  a  horizontal  plane,  strike  the 


Fia.  1-2. 


hells  —  on  the  ends  toward  the  thumbs  —  together  in 
front ;  return  arms  to  a  horizontal  position  at  the  side  on 
count  two;  strike  again  on  count  three  ;  and  so  continue 
through  twelve  counts. 


80 


MANUAL   OF  GYMNASTIC  EXERCISES. 


DIRECTION  B. — On  the  count  one,  with  stiff  arms 
describe  a  semicircle  in  a  vertical  plane,  and  strike  the 
bells  —  on  ends  toward  the  thumbs  —  together  above  the 
head  ;  on  count  two,  return  the  arms  to  a  horizontal  posi- 
tion at  the  side  ;  and  continue  thus  through  twelve  counts. 

DIRECTION  C.  —  The  arms  being  extended  in  a  horizon- 
tal position  at  the  side  on  count  twelve,  on  count  one  let 
the  bells  describe  a  semicircle  downward,  striking  together 
—  on  the  ends  toward  the  little  fingers  —  just  behind  the 
body  ;  on  count  two,  strike  above  the  head  as  before  ;  on 
count  three,  behind  the  body  ;  and  so  continue  through 
twelve  counts.  [See  Fig.  12.] 


Via    1:5. 


Movement  13. — The  bells  being  above  the' head  on 
count  twelve,  on  count  one  bring  them  to  the  breast,  and 


THE   DUMK-JtELL   EXEHVIXE.  31 

rest  there  through  count  two  ;  on  count  three,  thrust  both 
arms  downward  and  forward,  keeping  the  arms  parallel 
and  the  bells  parallel,  the  arms  making  an  angle  of  forty- 
live  degrees  with  the  body  ;  rest  thus  through  count  four  ; 
on  count  five,  return  the  bells  to  the  breast ;  and  continue 
the  movement  through  sixteen  counts.  [See  Fig.  13.] 

Movement  14.  — On  count  one,  charge  the  right  foot, 
with  a  stamp,  about  sixteen  inches  to  the  right,  extend 


FIG. 14. 

the  right  arm  outward  horizontally,  palm  up,  bell  hori- 
zontal ;  bring  the  left  bell  to  the  left  shoulder,  turning 
the  head  sharply  to  the  right.  On  count  two,  bring  the 
right  foot,  without  dragging^  to  its  place  beside  the  left 
foot,  extend  left  arm  to  a  position  like  that  held  by  the 
right,  sharply  turn  the  head  to  the  front ;  on  count  three, 


32         MANUAL   OF  GYMNASTIC  EXERCISE*. 

drop  arms,  and  strike  the  bells  —  on  the  ends  toward  little 
fingers  —  behind  the  body;  on  count  four,  turn  the  bells, 
and  strike  the  ends  toward  the  thumbs  together  behind 
the  body  ;  continue  this  movement  through  twelve  counts. 

The  same  movement  toward  the  left,  through  twelve 
counts. 

The  same  alternately  to  the  right  and  left,  through 
twelve  counts. 

At  count  twelve  the  bells  being  behind  the  body,  on 
count  one  bring  both  bells  to  the  shoulder,  upper  arms 
extended  laterally  and  .horizontally  ;  on  count  two,  extend 
both  bells  outward  horizontally ;  on  counts  three  and 
four,  strike  bells  behind  the  body  as  above  ;  and  continue 
thus  through  twelve  counts.  [See  Fig.  14.] 

Movement  15.  DIRECTION  A. — On  the  count  one, 
charge  the  right  foot  with  an  emphatic  stamp  in  the  direc- 
tion of  the  right  arm  of  the  V,  about  sixteen  inches, 
turning  the  body  in  that  direction,  and  bending  the  right 
knee  slightly  ;  at  the  same  time  bring  the  bells  to  the 
breast.  Maintain  this  position  until  four  counts  have 
been  completed.  On  the  count  one,  forcibly  extend  the 
right  arm  horizontally  in  the  direction  faced  ;  on  count 
two,  return  the  right  bell  to  the  breast,  and  extend  the 
left  bell ;  continuing  this  movement  through  eight  counts. 
On  the  count  eight,  the  left  arm  is  extended  and  the  right, 
at  the  breast ;  on  count  one,  thrust  the  right  arm  outward 
horizontally,  and  bring  the  left  to  the  breast ;  on  count 
two,  bring  the  right  bell  to  the  breast,  and  thrust  the  left 
outward  horizontally ;  continuing  thus  through  eight 
counts.  On  count  eight,  the  right  bell  is  brought  to  the 
shoulder,  the  left  being  extended.  On  count  one,  thrust 
the  right  bell  vertically  upward,  and  bring  the  left  to  the 
shoulder  ;  on  two,  bring  the  right  bell  to  the  shoulder,  and 


THE  DUMB-BELL  EXERCISE.  33 

thrust  the  left  upward ;  continuing  thus  through  eight 
counts.  On  count  eight,  the  right  bell  is  brought  to  the 
breast,  the  left  being  thrust  upward.  On  count  one,  thrust 
the  right  bell  vertical!}'  downward,  and  bring  the  left  to 
the  breast ;  on  count  two,  bring  the  right  bell  to  the 
breast,  and  thrust  the  left  downward  until  the  count  seven 
is  reached,  when  the  left  bell  remains  at  the  breast,  and 
the  right  bell  is  brought  to  the  breast  on  count  eight.  On 
count  one,  the  body  assumes  an  erect  position,  the  right 
foot  being  brought  to  the  side  of  the  left ;  remain  thus 
through  count  two.  On  count  three,  charge  to  the  left, 
and  remain  thus  through  count  four. 

DIRECTION  B. — Repeat  A  toward  the  left  The  bells 
being  at  the  breast  on  the  last  count  eight,  on  count  one 
let  the  body  become  erect,  the  left  foot  being  brought  to 
the  side  of  the  right ;  remain  thus  through  four  counts. 

DIRECTION  C. — With  the  body  in  an  erect  position 
facing  forward,  repeat  A. 

Movement  16.  —  The  bells  being  at  the  breast  on  the 
last  count  eight,  on  one  thrust  the  right  bell  forward 
horizontally,  and  return  it  to  the  breast  on  count  two  ;  on 
count  three,  thrust  it  horizontally  outward,  and  return  it 
to  the  shoulder  on  count  four ;  on  count  five,  thrust  the 
bell  vertically  upward,  and  return  it  to  the  breast  on 
count  six  ;  on  count  seven,  thrust  it  vertically  downward, 
and  return  it  to  the  breast  on  count  eight ;  continuing 
thus  through  sixteen  counts. 

The  same  with  the  left  bell,  through  sixteen  counts. 

The  same  with  the  right  and  left  bell  alternately, 
through  thirty-two  counts. 

The  same  with  the  right  and  left  simultaneously,  through 
sixteen  counts. 

Movement   17.  —  The  bells  being   at  the  breast  on 


34 


MANUAL   OF  GYMNASTIC  EXERCISES. 


count  sixteen,  thrust  both  horizontally  forward  on  count 
one,  the  bells  being  perpendicular  and  two  inches  apart ; 
on  count  two,  sweep  the  arms  apart  so  that  each  bell 
describes  a  quarter-circle  in  a  horizontal  plane  ;  on  count 
three,  return  the  bells  sharply  toward  each  other,  as  far 


FIG.  15. 


as  possible  without  striking  ;  on  count  four,  sweep  them 
apart  again,  returning  on  count  five  ;  and  continuing  thus 
through  twelve  counts.  [See  Fi^.  IT).] 

Movement  18.  —  The  arms  being  extended  horizon- 
tally outward  on  count  twelve,  on  count  one  bend  the 
elbows  so  as  to  bring  the  bells  to  the  shoulders  ;  at  the 
same  time,  turn  the  body  in  the  direction  of  the  right  arm 
of  the  V,  and  charge  the  right  foot  in  that  direction.  On 
count  two,  thrust  both  bells  vertically  upward,  and  bring 
the  right  foot  to  the  side  of  the  left  ;  on  count  three, 


THE  DUMB-BELL   EXERCISE. 


35 


return  the  bells  to  the  shoulder;  and,  on  count  four, 
twisting  the  bells  so  that  the  ends  toward  the  little  fingers 
almost  touch,  throw  the  arms  outward  before  the  body 
and  downward  past  the  sides,  back  to  the  shoulders  ;  con- 
tinue thus  through  sixteen  counts.  [Fig.  16.] 


FIG. 16. 


The  same  toward  the  left,  through  sixteen  counts. 

The  same  toward  the  right  and  left  alternately,  through 
sixteen  counts. 

The  same  motion  of  the  arms  directly  to  the  front,  with 
body  erect  and  heels  together,  through  sixteen  counts. 


36 


MANUAL   OF  GYMNASTIC  EXERCISES. 


Movement   19.     DIRECTION  A.  —  On  the  last  count. 
sixteen,  bring  the  bells  together  parallel  to  each  other  at 


FIG.  17. 

the  breast,  and  strike  them  thus  through  four  counts. 
On  count  one,  charge  the  right  foot  as  in  Movement  15, 
thrust  the  right  arm  vertically  upward,  and  the  left  verti- 
cally downward  ;  on  count  two,  return  the  bells  to  the 
breast.  With  foot  still  advanced,  continue  the  motion  of 
the  arms  through  eight  counts,  returning  the  right  foot  to 
its  place  on  count  eight.  [Fig.  17.] 

The  same  to  the  left,  through  eight  counts. 

DIRECTION  B.  — As  at  the  beginning  of  this  movement, 
strike  the  bells  through  four  counts.  On  count  one, 


THE  DUMB-BELL   EXERCISE. 


37 


charge  to  the  right,  thrust  right  arm  up  and  left  arm 
down,  remaining  thus  through  count  two.  On  count 
three,  return  the  bells  to  the  breast  and  the  foot  to  its 
place,  remaining  thus  through  count  four.  On  the  next 
four  counts,  repeat  the  same  to  the  left ;  and  continue 
thus  alternately  toward  the  right  and  left,  through  sixteen 
counts.  Then  strike  the  bells  together  on  the  breast  as 
above,  through  four  counts. 

Movement  2O.  — On  count  one,  grasping  the  bells  by 
the  ends,  throw  the  bells  over  the  shoulder  until  they  hang 


FIG. IS. 


almost  perpendicularly  ;  at  the  same  time,  charge  the  right 
foot  sixteen  inches  in  the  direction  of  the  right  arm  of 
the  V.  On  count  two,  swing  the  bells  forward,  allowing 


38 


MANUAL   OF  GYMNASTIC  EXERCISES. 


them  to  describe  parallel  three-quarter  circles  as  in  cut. 
The  bells  should  be  at  2  on  count  two,  at  3  on  count 
three,  and  at  2  again  on  the  return,  on  count  four ;  on 
count  three,  the  foot  is  placed  beside  the  other.  Continue 
thus  through  sixteen  counts.  [See  Fig.  18.] 

The  same  toward  the  left,  through  sixteen  counts. 


FIG.  19. 

The  same  toward  the  right  and  left  alternately,  through 
sixteen  counts. 

The  same  directly  toward  the  front,  without  the  charge, 
through  sixteen  counts;  on  the  last  count  sixteen,  let  the 
bells  stop  at  the  side  when  the  arms  reach  the  vertical 
position. 


DIVERSITY 
THE  DUMB-BELL   EXERCISE.  39 

Movement  21.  —  Charging  forward  with  the  right  foot 
four  inches  on  each  of  the  next  four  counts,  place  the 
right  bell  vertically  on  the  right  knee ;  on  count  one, 
swing  the  left  arm  back  in  a  circle  —  up  and  forwards  — 
and  strike  the  bell  on  every  odd  count,  swinging  the  arm 
back  on  the  even  counts,  through  twelve  counts  ;  then 
replace  the  right  foot,  stamping  four  times,  and  advance 
the  left,  repeating  the  same  motions  with  the  bells,  after 
which  replace  the  left  foot.  [See  Fig.  10.] 


FIG.  20. 


Movement  22. — The  bells  being  at  the  side  on  the 
last  count,  on  count  one  bring  each  bell  to  its  respective 
shoulder ;  on  count  two,  extend  the  arms  horizontally 


40  MA  .V i'A L    OF  G YMNA S TIC  EXER C1SES. 

outward;  on  count  three,  strike  the  bells  together  —  on 
the  ends  toward  the  little  fingers  —  just  in  front  of. the 
body  ;  and,  on  count  four,  strike  the  ends  toward  the 
thumbs  together  ;  continuing  thus  through  sixteen  counts. 

The  same,  striking  behind  the  body,  through  sixteen 
counts. 

The  same,  striking  in  front  of  the  body  —  on  the  ends 
toward  the  little  fingers  —  on  count  three,  and  striking 
behind  the  body  —  on  the  ends  toward  the  thumbs  —  on 
count  four,  through  sixteen  counts.  [See  Fig.  20.] 

Movement  23.  —  Repeat  Movement  1,  Directions  A, 
B,  C,  and  D,  except  that  on  the  count  seven  of  D  a  twist 
is  made  instead  of  returning  to  the  breast ;  and  the  bells 
are  returned  to  the  breast,  and  the  arms  folded  promptly, 
on  the  count  eio'ht,  — which  closes  the  exercise. 


THE  ANVIL   CHORUS. 


41 


THE  ANVIL  CHORUS :  AN  EXERCISE  IN  LIGHT 
GYMNASTICS. 

THIS  Exercise  is  performed  to  the  music  of  the  Anvil 
Chorus,  from  "II  Trovatori,"  as  arranged  in  the  World's 
Peace  Jubilee  music  of  1872. 


The  Position,  body  erect,  bells  at  sides,  knuckles  in 
front,  is  assumed  during  a  prelude,  usually  beginning  at 
"God  of  the  nations."  On  fourth  count,  before  "Proudly 
our  banners,"  etc.,  bring  right  bell  to  back  of  neck,  thumb 


42          MANUAL   OF  GYMNASTIC  EXERCISES. 

down,  and  left  bell  to  level  of  eyes  in  front,  arm  straight, 

thumb  up.     Thus  remain  through  four  counts.     [Fig.  21.] 

No.  1.  —  Sweep  right  bell  over  the  head  to  strike  left 

smartly  on  the  top,  on  first  count,  knocking  left  downward 


i 


FIG.  22. 


and  under,  arm  stiff,  to  come  to  back  of  head  on  second 
count,  right  bell  remaining  in  place  of  left ;  on  third 
count,  left  bell  sweeps  over,  and  strikes  right,  knocking  it 
downward  and  round  to  come  to  back  of  head  on  fourth, 
left  bell  remaining  in  place  of  right ;  on  fifth  count,  right 
bell  sweeps  backward,  downward,  and  under,  to  strike 
left  bell  underneath,  and  left  sweeps  over,  to  come  to  back 
of  head  at  sixth  count,  right  bell  remaining  at  level  of 


THE  ANVIL   CHORUS. 


43 


eyes;  on  seventh  count,  left  bell  sweeps  backwards, 
downwards,  and  under,  to  strike  right  bell  underneath  ;  and 
both  together  sweep  upwards,  outwards,  and  downwards, 
to  strike  behind  the  body  on  the  eighth  count,  little  fingers 
together.  [See  Fig.  22.] 

No.  2.  —  Strike    bells    together,    arms    stiff,    thumbs 
together,  above  the  head,  and  stamp  right  foot  about  eight 


FIG. 23. 

inches  forward,  on  first  count ;  strike  downward  behind 
the  body,  little  fingers  together,  returning  foot  to  position, 
on  second  count ;  strike  above  the  head  as  before,  stamp- 
ing left  foot,  on  third  ;  fourth  same  as  second  ;  and  so  on, 
with  alternate  feet,  through  seven  counts;  on  eighth, 
come  to  position  assumed  at  the  beginning  of  No.  1. 


44 


MANUAL   OF  GYMNASTIC  EX  EXCISES. 


No.  3.  —  Same  as  No.  1. 

No.  4.  —  With  stiff  arms,  always  :  on  first  count,  strike 
hells  together  at  level  of  eyes  in  front,  thumbs  together ; 
on  second,  strike  downward  behind,  little  lingers  together  ; 
on  third,  strike  above  head  ;  on  fourth,  downward  behind  ; 
and  so  on,  through  seven  counts  ;  on  eighth,  come  to  posi- 
tion assumed  at  beginning  of  No.  1. 

No.  5.  —  Same  as  No.  1 . 


KM;.  '24. 


No.  6.  —  Charge  laterally  to  the  right,  extending  right 
bell  over  and  about  six  inches  above  right  leg,  at  same 
time  sweep  left  bell  over  to  strike  right,  thumbs  together, 
on  first  count ;  on  second,  straighten  right  leg  and  bend 


THE  ANVIL   CHORUS.  45 

left,  keeping  feet  in  place,  at  same  time  turning  bell  once 
so  that  the  thumb  end  points  in  direction  in  which  bell  is 
to  go ;  sweep  it  in  circle  in  front  of  body,  arm  straight, 
round  to  strike  right  bell  on  third  count,  when  legs  come 
back  into  position  of  first  count ;  and  so  on,  through  seven 
counts  ;  on  eighth  count,  come  to  position  assumed  at 
'beginning  of  No.  1,  springing  back  with  right  foot.  [Fig. 
24.] 

No.  7. —  Same  as  No.  1. 

No.  8.  — Same  as  No.  6,  except  charge  made  to  the 
left,  swing  right  and  extend  left  arm. 

No.  9.  —  Same  as  No.  1 . 

No.  1O.  —  Charge  to  right,  extend  right  bell  as  before, 
and  sweep  left  over  to  strike  right  on  first  count ;  and, 
keeping  legs  and  feet  in  position,  with  stiff  arms  and  full 
swing  strike  right  bell  through  the  next  six  counts ;  on 
eighth  count,  come  to  position  at  beginning  of  No.  1, 
springing  back  with  right  foot. 

No.  11.  —  Same  as  No.  1. 

No.  12.  —  Same  as  No.  10,  except  charge  made  to  left, 
left  arm  extended,  and  right  swung  in  circle.  Except, 
however,  on  eighth  count,  coming  to  erect  position,  bring 
bells  to  chest  instead  of  into  position  of  No.  1,  and,  at  the 
command  "Halt,"  forcibly  bring  them  to  sides,  knuckles 
in  front,  as  at  the  first. 

It  will  be  seen,  from  the  length  of  this  exercise,  that  the  eight 
measures  beginning  "Proudly,"  etc.,  must  be  played  three  times. 

It  will  be  both  beautiful  and  beneficial  if  performed  with  a  snap, 
and  every  movement  vigorously  executed.  The  stiff  straight  arm 
must  be  insisted  upon  when,  according  to  the  nature  of  the  move- 
ment, it  is  not  impossible.  This  specification  has  been  made  occa- 
sionally through  the  exercise;  being  a  point  most  likely  to  be 
overlooked  and  forgotten,  and  yet  of  primary  importance  if  either 
of  the  above  effects  would  be  attained. 


4(>          MANUAL    OF  GYMNASTIC  EXERCISES. 

TABLE  SHOWING  THE  PRINCIPAL  MUSCLES  BROUGHT  INTO 
ACTION  BY  THE  DUMB-BELL  EXERCISE  OF  THE  CLASS 
OK  '85,  AMHERST  COLLEGE. 

THIS  exercise  is  so  varied  as  to  bring  into  action  all  the 
more  important  muscles  of  the  upper  extremity,  thorax, 
and  back,  as  well  as  many  of  those  of  the  lower  extremity 
and  abdomen.  It  is  likewise  arranged  in  such  a  manner 
as  to  give  to  each  group  of  muscles  an  amount  of  work 
proportionate  to  its  relative  importance. 

In  addition  to  the  muscles  brought  into  play  by  each 
particular  part  of  the  exercise,  the  fourteen  flexor  muscles 
of  the  hand  are  in  constant  use  in  holding  the  bells  firmly 
in  the  grasp. 

I.  There  are,  in  this  exercise,  two  distinct  movements : 
1st,  rotation  of  the  arm  and  fore-arm  inwards,  accom- 
panied by  a  pronation  of  the  hand  ;  2d,  rotation  of  the 
arm  and  fore-arm  outwards,  with  a  supination  of  the  hand. 
These  two  movements  follow  each  other  in  quick  succes- 
sion, and  are  repeated  twenty-four  times,  six  in  each  of 
the  positions,  a,  6,  c,  and  d. 

1.  Rotation  of  the  arm  inwards  is  accomplished  by 

Subscapularis, 
assisted  by 

Pectoralis  major, 

Latissimus  dorsi, 

Teres  major ; 
rotation  of  the  fore-arm,  and  pronation  of  the  hand,  by 

Pronator  radii  teres, 

Pronator  quadratus, 

Flexor  carpi  radialis, 

Palmaris  longus, 

Flexor  sublimis  digitorum. 


MI'SVLEti   BROUGHT  INTO    ACTION.  47 

2.  Rotation  of  the  arm  outwards,  by 
Supraspinatus, 
Infraspinatus, 
Teres  major ; 

rotation  of  fore-arm  outwards,  and  pronation  of  hand,  by 
Supinator  longus, 
Supinator  brevis, 
Biceps  extensor  cubiti, 
Extensor  secundi  internodii. 

II.  This  may  be  analyzed  into  two  sets  of  movements  : 
1st,  a  forcible  extension  of  the  fore-arm,  followed  by  a 
flexion  of  the  same  ;  2d,  a  thrusting  of  the  arm  from  the 
shoulder,  in  each  of  the  four  directions  indicated  under 
a,  6,  c,  and  d. 

a.  1.  Fore-arm  extended  by 

Triceps, 

Anconeus ; 
flexed  by 

Biceps, 

Brachialis  anticus, 

Pronator  radii  teres ; 
assisted  by 

Flexor  carpi  radialis, 

Flexor  sublimis, 

Flexor  carpi  ulnaris, 

Supinator  longus. 
2.  Arm  extended  horizontally  forwards  by 

Anterior  fibres  of  deltoid, 

Part  of  pectoralis  major, 
assisted  by 

Biceps, 

Coraco-brachialis ; 


48          MANUAL   OF  GYMNASTIC  EXERCISES. 

depressed  to  the  side  by 

Posterior  fibres  of  deltoid, 

Latissimus  dorsi, 
assisted  by 

Subscapularis. 

b.  1.   Same  as  a. 

2.  Arm  extended  horizontally  outwards  by 

Deltoid, 

Supraspinatns ; 
depressed  to  the  side  by 

Pectoralis  major. 

Latissimus  dorsi, 

Subscapularis, 
assisted  by 

Teres  major, 

Teres  minor. 

c.  1.  Same  as  a. 

2.  Arm  raised  vertically  upwards  by 

Deltoid, 

Supraspinatus ; 

depressed  by  the  same  muscles  as  in  b. 
(1.   1.   Same  as  a. 
2.  The  arm  lies  passive  at  the  side. 

III.  This  is  simply  a  variation  of  II.     As  the  right  arm 
is  raised  vertically  above  the  head,  the  left  arm  is  simul- 
taneously thrust  downwards,  and  vice  versa;  each  move- 
ment being  executed  six  times. 

IV.  The    bells    are    now    held    horizontally  outwards, 
chiefly  by  the  action  of  the  deltoid,  during  four  counts. 

V.  This  motion,  as  well  as  the  following,  brings  the 


MUSCLES  BROUGHT   INTO  ACTION.  49 

muscles  of  the  shoulder,  arm,  and  fore-arm  into  most 
vigorous  action. 

a.  The  bells  are  forcibly  drawn  down  till  they  meet  in 
front  of  the  body,  by  the 

Pectoralis  major, 

Anterior  fibres  of  deltoid. 

Then  the  arm  is  twisted,  and  the  hand  pronated  (see  1), 
so  that  the  other  ends  of  the  bells  meet.  This  latter 
motion  is  repeated  twelve  times. 

b.  The  bells  are  now  drawn  behind  the  body  by  the 

Latissimus  dorsi, 

Teres  major, 

Posterior  fibres  of  deltoid  ; 

and  the  twisting  of  the  bells  is  repeated  in  that  position, 
through  twelve  counts. 

c.  a  and  b  repeated  alternately,  there  being  six  motions 
in  front,  and  six  behind  the  body.     In  all  three  of  these 
movements,  the  arm  is  raised  by  the 

Deltoid. 
Supraspinatus. 

VI.   In  addition  to  the  muscles  of  the  upper  extremity, 
those  of  the  thigh  and  leg  are  used  somewhat  in  retaining 
the  body  in  the  position  elsewhere  described, 
a.  Arms  raised  perpendicularly  by 

Deltoid, 

Supraspinatus, 

and  struck  together  by  the  action  of  that  muscle  ;  then 
drawn  apart  by  its  antagonists,  the 

Subscapularis, 

Latissimus  dorsi, 

Pectoralis  major. 
This  is  repeated  four  times.     Bells  are  now  lowered  in 


50          MANUAL   OF  GYMNASTIC  EXERCISES. 

front  of  the  right  leg,  and  struck  together ;  then  struck 
together  behind  that  leg,  by  the  other  ends.  Finally,  they 
are  raised  over  the  head.  This  is  repeated  to  the  left,  the 
left  leg  being  advanced  instead  of  the  right. 

VII.  a.    Arms   raised    perpendicularly   upwards,    and 
lowered  to  the  breast,  as  in  II.  c ;  then  lowered  to  the 
side  by  extension  of  fore-arm,  as  previously  described. 

6.  At  the  same  time,  an  entirely  new  set  of  muscles  are 
brought  into  play,  in  drawing  the  body  downwards  and 
forwards  ;  viz.,  the  abdominal  muscles,  — 

Obliquus  externus, 

Obliquus  iuternus, 

Tran  sversalis, 

Rectus  abdominis  ; 
assisted  by 

Psoas  magnus, 

Iliacus, 

Rectus. 
This  is  repeated  three  times. 

VIII.  a.   Right  fore-arm  flexed  by 

Biceps, 

Brachialis  anticus, 

Pronator  radii  teres,  etc., 

as  in  II.  At  the  same  time,  the  arm  is  drawn  as  far 
backwards  and  inwards  as  possible,  chiefly  by  the 

Deltoid ; 

left  fore-arm  flexed  as  in  a,  and  arm  drawn  backwards 
and  upwards  by  the 

Latissimus  dorsi. 

b.  Both  arms  extended  to  a  horizontal  position,  by  an 
extension  of  the  fore-arm  upon  the  arm,  by 


MUSCLES  BROUGHT  INTO  ACTION.  51 

Triceps, 

Anconeus  ; 
a  lowering  of  the  right  arm,  by 

Subscapularis, 

Pectoralis  major, 

Latissimus  dorsi ; 
and  an  elevation  of  the  left,  by  the 

Deltoid. 
Repeated  six  times. 

IX.  This    motion    simply   exercises    the   flexors   and 
extensors  of  the  fore-arm.     Repeated  ten  times  with  each 
hand.     Muscles  same  as  in  II.  a  1. 

X.  Elbows   kept  stiff   by  muscles  on   back  of   arms, 
while  the 

Deltoid 

raises    the    arms    horizontally ;    and    their   own   weight, 
together  with  the 

Latissimus  dorsi, 

Pectoralis  major, 
draws  them  down.     Repeated  ten  times  with  each  arm. 

XI.  Arm  raised  forwards  and  upwards  by 

Anterior  fibres  of  deltoid, 

Part  of  pectoral  is  major ; 
assisted  by 

Biceps, 

Coraco-brachialis. 

Fore-arm  flexed  as  above.     Repeated  ten  times  with  each 
arm. 

XII.  a.  Elbows  rendered  stiff   by  the  extensors,  and 


52          MANUAL    OF  GYMNASTIC  EXERCISES. 

the  arms   held    in   a  horizontal    position    by  the  deltoid 
muscle.     The  arm  is  now  drawn  forward  by  the 

Anterior  fibres  of  deltoid, 

Pectoral  is  major ; 
then  back  to  a  straight  line,  chiefly  by  the 

Posterior  fibres  of  deltoid, 

Pectoralis  major. 

b.  Arms  in  position  as  above,  but  raised  over  the  head 
until  bells  strike,  by 

Deltoid, 
Supraspinatus. 

c.  Arms  raised  as  in  6,  and  then  lowered  so  that  bells 
strike  below  and  behind  the  bod}7,  by 

Latissimus  dorsi, 
Teres  major. 

XIII.  This  is  designed  to  furnish  a  brief  respite,  rather 
than  to  exercise  actively  any  set  of  muscles,  and  will, 
therefore,  not  be  described. 

XIV.  Right  fore-arm  extended,  and  arm  raised  hori- 
zontally outwards,  as   before   described.     Left  fore-arm 
flexed,  and   left  arm  raised   horizontally.     Each   motion 
repeated  twelve  times  with  each  arm.     At  the  first  four 
movements,  the  right  foot  is  brought  forward  by  flexors 
of  thighs  and  extensors  of  the  leg,  and,  at  the  end  of 
each  movement,  returned  to  position  by  the  antagonists 
of  those  muscles.     During  the  next  four  movements,  the 
left  foot  is  brought  into  a  similar  position.     On  the  last 
four,  the  body  is  in  its  natural  position. 

XV.  This  exercise  is  essentially  the  same  as  II.     The 
arms  are  alternately  thrust  in  the  directions  a,  b,  e,  and 


MUtiCLEN   HROUGHT  INTO  ACTION.  58 

r?,  four  times  with  the  right  foot  forward,  four  times  with 
the  left  foot  forward,  and  four  times  with  feet  together. 

XVI.  This  is  another  modification  of  II.     Here,  eacii 
of  the  four  motions  a,  6,  c,  and  d,  is  performed,  in  suc- 
cession, by  each  hand,  and  repeated  six  times  by  each. 

XVII.  Same  as  XII.  «,  with  bells  parallel.     Repeated 
six  times. 

XVIII.  d.    Arms    raised    vertically,    and    fore-arms 
extended  as  before  ;  then  arms  lowered  horizontally  out- 
wards, and  fore-arms  flexed. 

b.  Arms  drawn  forwards  ninety  degrees,  and  fore-arms 
extended  again  to  the  front.  Now,  the  arm,  in  describing 
a  circle  backwards,  is  acted  upon  by  all  the  principal 
muscles  of  the  arm  and  shoulder  in  succession.  Repeated 
twelve  times,  four  times  in  each  of  the  positions. 

XIX.  Modification  of  III.     Muscles  the  same,  with  the 
addition   of   those   of   the   lower  extremity  used  in  the 
charge.     Repeated  eight  times. 

XX.  a.  Arms  raised  to  a  vertical  position  by 

Deltoid, 

Part  of  pectoralis  major. 

At  this  point,  the  fore-arms  are  flexed,  so  that  the  bells 
are  perpendicular  behind. 

b.  Fore-arms  extended,  and  (with  elbows  stiff)  arms 
brought  forward  and  downward  to  the  side  of  the  body, 
by  the 

Subscapularis, 

Pectoralis  major, 

Latissimus  dorsi, 


54          MANUAL   OF  GYMNASTIC  EXERCISES. 

(together  with  their  aids) ,  acting  in  succession.     Repeated 
twelve  times. 

XXI.  The  elbow  remains  stiff,  while  the  arm  describes 
a  circle  backward.     This  brings  into  play  almost  all  those 
muscles   situated   about   the    shoulder-joint,   in   different 
parts  of  the  motion,  including  all  those  which  can  possibly 
move  the  arm  on  the  shoulder  in  any  direction. 

XXII.  Same  as  V.     Repeated  twelve  times. 

XXIII.  Same  as  I.,  with  d  repeated  seven  times. 


MEASURES   OF    WEIGHT,    HEIGHT,    ETC. 


55 


THE  MEASURES  OF  WEIGHT,  HEIGHT,  CHEST,  ARM  GIRTH, 
LUNG  CAPACITY,  AND  BODY  LIFT  OF  2,106  DIFFERENT 
STUDENTS  OF  AMIIERST  COLLEGE,  ARRANGED  BY  AGE. 


Age. 

Number 
of 
observa- 
tions. 

Weight. 

Height, 

Chest. 

Arm. 

Lung 
capacity. 

Body 

lift. 

17 

330 

131.99 

66.60 

33.87 

11.12 

224.8 

8.58 

18 

1172 

134.07 

80.96 

35.10 

11.36 

238.7 

10.35 

19 

1511 

135.84 

67.30 

35.38 

11.52 

240.3 

10.82 

20 

1358 

138.12 

67.95 

35.52 

11.57 

248.8 

10.97 

21 

1171 

140.00 

68.01 

35.58 

11.69 

250.1 

10.84 

22 

807 

141.07 

68.11 

35.98 

11.77 

250.8 

10.92 

2:] 

559 

141.21 

68.31 

36.29 

11.71 

257.0 

10.63 

24 

362 

142.42 

68.44 

37.23 

11.74 

261.0 

10.62 

25 

216 

145.12 

68.68 

36.66 

11.79 

263.6 

10.11 

26 

141 

144.91 

68.82 

37.46 

11.81 

262.5 

10.71 

27 

71 

144.40 

68.30 

36.95 

11.84 

268.4 

10.37 

28 

30 

140.71 

68.52 

36.28 

11.57 

269.8 

8.51 

29 

19 

142.68 

68.09 

36.41 

11.51 

260.5 

9.86 

30 

18 

146.50 

69.19 

36.70 

11.61 

279.5 

7.50 

In  this  table,  the  average  measures  of  the  men  of  the 
ages  between  seventeen  and  thirty  are  given  ;  the  second 
colnmn  shows  the  weight  in  pounds  and  decimals  ;  the 
results  of  height,  chest,  and  arm  are  given  in  inches  and 
hundredths ;  those  of  chest  capacity,  in  cubic  inches ; 
and  the  body-lift  means  the  number  of  times  the  indi- 
vidual is  able  to  lift  the  body  up  to  the  hands,  when 
hanging  freely  suspended  above  the  floor. 


MA SCAL    OF  G  YM.\A  STK  '   EXE1W1XES. 


A  TABLE  OF  THE  BODILY  MKASUJKMKXTS  OF  THE  STI  - 
DENTS  OF  AMHKKST  COLLEGE,  FORTJIE  YEARS  1881-82. 
1883-84,  iNCLrsiVE,  AVERAGED  r,v  YKAKS  OF  A<;E. 


YEARS  OF  AGE. 

17 

is 

19 

20 

21 

22 

2:; 

24 

WEIGHT  

59.30 

59.70 

61.10 

61.30 

63.20 

63.70 

63.90 

64.70 

HEIGHT  . 

1.70 

1.70 

1.71 

1.71 

1.72 

1.72 

1.72 

1.72 

"        Knee      .... 

465.00 

466.00 

469.00 

469.00 

477.00 

478.00 

480.00 

481  .00 

"        Sitting   .... 

S87.00 

889.00 

900.00 

901.00 

904.00 

902.00 

902.00 

910.00 

"        Pubes     .... 

855.00 

857.00 

858.00 

860.00 

863.00 

863.00 

863.00 

867.00 

Navel     .... 

1.00 

1.00 

1.01 

1.01 

1.02 

1.02 

1.02 

1.02 

"        Sternum     .     .    . 

1.37 

1.38 

1.39 

1.39 

1.40 

1.40 

1.41 

1.41 

GIRTH,    Head      .... 

56S.OO  568.00  568.00 

569.00 

575.00 

575.00 

575.00 

575.00 

Neck      .... 

337.00 

."41  .00 

348.00 

350.00 

354.00 

356.00 

358.00 

356.00 

"        Chest,  full       .     . 

887.00 

903.00 

923.00 

922.00 

925.00 

933.00 

934.00 

942.00 

"       repose 

853.00 

865.00 

877.00 

883.00 

896.00 

897.00 

899.00 

908.00 

Belly      .... 

703.00 

713.00 

714.00 

723.00 

735.00 

736.00 

747.00 

753.00 

Hips  

872.00 

875.00 

893.00 

897.00 

900.00 

900.00 

901.00 

901.00 

Thighs  .... 

501.00 

501.00 

:>12.oo 

513.00 

523.00 

523.00 

525.00 

527.00 

"        Knees    .... 

353.00 

354.00 

355.00 

356.00 

357.00 

35S.OO 

358.00 

358.00 

"        Calves    .... 

337.00 

340.00 

344.00 

346.00 

351.00 

356.00 

357.00 

360.00 

"        Insteps  .... 

236.00 

237.00 

238.00 

240.00 

243.00 

244.00 

245.00 

247.00 

"         Right  upper  arm 
contracted  .     . 

275.00 

279.00 

281.00 

284.00 

298.00 

299.00 

301.00 

307.00 

"        Upper  arms    .     . 

242.00 

247.00 

252.00 

253.00 

257.00:  2.")S.OO 

261.00 

268.00 

Elbows  .... 

242.00 

243.00 

246.00 

24S.OO 

251.00 

252.00 

253.00 

254.00 

"        Fore-arms  .     .     . 

251  .00 

253.00 

257.00 

261.00 

265.00 

2C.C..OO 

266.00  267.00 

"        Wrists  .... 

162.00 

162.00 

162.00 

163.00 

166.00 

166.00 

167.00  167.00 

BREADTH,  Head  .... 

152.00 

152.00 

153.00 

153.00 

155.00 

155.00 

156.00 

156.00 

Neck      .... 

106.00 

106.00 

107.00 

108.00 

109.00 

109.00 

109.00 

109.00 

"        Shoulders  .     .     . 

414.00 

423.00 

425.00 

428.00 

435.00 

441.00 

442.00 

442.00 

Waist     .... 

247.00 

247.00 

248.00 

248.00 

256.00 

259.00 

259.00  266.00 

"        Hipg  

319.00 

321.00 

325.00 

326.00 

329.00 

.",20.00 

330.001  332.00 

"        Nipples.     .     .     . 
Shoulder-elbows  .... 

188.00 
362.00 

192.00 
367.00 

195.00 
367.00 

197.00 
369.00 

202.00 
375.00 

202.00 
376.00 

202.00  202.00 
376.00  378.00 

Elbow-tips  .... 

460.00 

460.00 

460.00 

4ti!).oO  461.00 

462.00 

466.00  467.00 

LENGTH   Feet 

257.00 

257.00 

258.00 

25S.OO  262.00 

262.00 

262.00  ')M  ^n 

Stretch  of  Arms  .     . 

1.77 

1.77 

L77 

"  1.77      l.'so 

1.80 

1.80 

"  T.'so 

Horizontal  length      .     .     . 

1.72 

1.72 

1.72 

1.72:     1.73 

1.73 

1.73 

1  .7", 

STRENGTH  of  Lungs    .    . 

10.00 

13.00 

13.50 

1=5.00;  12.00 

12.00 

12.60    12.00 

'           of  Back      .     . 

132.00 

132.00 

139.00 

Uii.oo  l.-)O.(M) 

151.00 

156.00  159.00 

«           Chest,  dip  .     . 

3.60 

5.20 

5.80 

(5.20       7.00 

7.00 

8.20      8.30 

"     pull-up, 
'             of  Legs  . 

7.  c,o 
160.00 

7.90 
161.00 

8.80 
172.00 

S.'.MI      9.00!     9.10 
IStl.Oii   v.cs.oo   I'.IS.OO 

9.10      ;i.20 
199.00   199.00 

'             of  Fore-arm    . 

33.90 

."4.  SO 

36.10 

."S.40     40.00 

40.10 

40.60     40.70 

Capacity  of  Lungs    .     .     . 

3.86 

3.91 

4.0", 

4.07       4.10 

4.20 

4.29      4.:U 

Pilosity    . 

2.10 

2.20 

2.20 

2.30       2.40 

2.60 

2.70      •'  an 

NUMBER  MEASURED   .     . 
TOTAL  . 

47.00 
461.00 

100.00 

26.00 

90.00 

'.17.00    ;,o.ou 

30.00 

11.00 

EXPLANATION   OF  TABLE.  57 

The  table  on  page  56  gives  the  average  results  of  the 
study  of  four  hundred  and  sixty-one  students,  during  the 
past  three  years,  in  the  more  than  fifty  measures  and  tests 
that  are  applied.  They  are  grouped  under  the  different 
years  of  seventeen  to  twenty-five  inclusive ;  and  the 
results  are  given  in  kilograms,  metres,  and  millimetres, 
except  the  capacity  of  lungs,  which  is  in  litres,  and  the 
chest  strength,  the  unit  of  which  is  the  bodily  weight  as 
raised  in  a  "  dip  "  and  a  w-  pull-up." 

Such  a  table  cannot  show  a  true  ascending  and  descend- 
ing grade,  on  account  of  its  limited  data ;  but,  assuming 
that  the  large  part  of  the  students  approach  the  normal 
and  healthy  standard,  their  measures  will  give  more  than 
an  approximate  chart  for  guiding  others  of  the  same  ages 
in  the  examination  and  care  of  themselves. 

These  data  are  so  obtained  as  to  find  out  the  important 
facts  in  relation  to  the  bones  and  ligaments,  their  size  and 
rate  of  growth,  and  at  what  time  of  college  life  they 
increase  the  fastest.  Some  of  the  nu<*des  are  measured, 
especially  those  of  the  extremities,  to  learn  the  normal 
size  of  these  parts  of  the  body.  Other  girths  are  taken 
to  find  out  the  amount  of  skin,  fat,  and  other  protective 
tissues.  Safe  trials  of  muscular  strength  are  emploj^ed, 
not  only  to  test  the  general  condition  of  muscles,  but  to 
know  if  the  different  portions  of  the  body  are  relatively 
strong,  and  properly  co-ordinated  to  each  other.  Lung 
tissue  is  also  tested  both  in  capacity  and  strength.  The 
stethoscope  is  used  to  learn  the  condition  of  some  of  the 
more  important  vital  organs,  and  lenses  to  ascertain  the 
refractive  power  of  the  eye. 


TJHIVBR3ITY 


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VII.    Moral  Results. 

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